Understanding Dynamic Microphones: How does it function? Frequency Response, Voice Types, Affordability, and Durability etc.
What is it?
Dynamic microphones operate based on a simple electromechanical principle called electromagnetic induction, using a diaphragm attached to a voice coil situated within a magnetic field. When sound waves hit the diaphragm, it vibrates, causing the voice coil to move back and forth within the magnetic field and generate an electrical signal. This signal is then transmitted to the attached external system which essentially creates your sound.
Frequency Response of Dynamic Microphones
Dynamic microphones typically cater to a frequency range from approximately 20 Hz to 20 kHz, encompassing the full spectrum of human hearing, though some models can extend slightly beyond this range. This range is essential for applications such as voice recording, where the clarity of high frequencies can significantly affect intelligibility. For instance, the ability to well-reproduce frequencies around 1 kHz to 4 kHz is particularly important for vocal applications, as these frequencies contain the core elements of speech intelligibility. The frequency response is crucial because different microphones may emphasize or attenuate certain frequencies.
Some microphones are engineered to boost certain frequency ranges, such as the high frequencies, which can help capture the sibilance in vocals. Others may exhibit a more linear response, providing a flat output that is preferable for studio recording, where accurate sound reproduction is crucial.
General Frequency Characteristics
- Low Frequencies (50 Hz – 200 Hz): This range captures the warmth and richness of lower vocal tones. It’s particularly beneficial for male vocals and bass instruments.
- Mid Frequencies (200 Hz – 2 kHz): Central to vocal clarity and presence, this area is where most spoken voice fundamentals lie. Emphasis around 1 kHz can enhance vocal intelligibility.
- High Frequencies (2 kHz – 20 kHz): This range is essential for the brightness and airiness in vocals. However, excessive emphasis here can lead to sibilance (excessive ‘s’ sounds).
Frequency Compatibility with Vocal Types
Dynamic microphones are versatile, but their frequency response and design characteristics can favor certain vocal types. Understanding the relationship between vocal types and dynamic microphone frequency response is crucial for achieving optimal sound quality in both live performances and studio recordings. Vocal types generally fall into four primary categories: Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Brass and Bass. Each of these classifications possesses distinct tonal qualities and frequency ranges, which can significantly influence the choice of microphone.
- Sopranos– known for their bright and powerful high notes, typically perform in a frequency range that extends from approximately 250 Hz to 3 kHz. Dynamic microphones that emphasize these upper frequencies and is designed with a presence boost in the 2-4 kHz range can effectively capture the nuances, enhance the clarity and brilliance of a soprano’s voice.
- Altos– Possess a richer mid-range vocal quality that has a frequency range usually spans from around 200 Hz to 2 kHz. dynamic microphones that focus on mid-frequency responses are ideal, as they can capture the warmth and depth of their vocals without overshadowing the higher frequencies.
- Tenors– With their powerful and resonant voices, often navigate frequencies from 130 Hz to 1.5 kHz. Selecting a dynamic microphone that caters to this vocal type necessitates attention to frequency response characteristics that can emphasize clarity in higher frequencies, enhancing the projection without creating harshness.
- Bass– deliver deep and resonant tones that typically fall within the range of 80 Hz to 400 Hz. choosing dynamic microphones that provide a strong low-frequency response is essential. Microphones with tailored low-frequency boosts will round out the bass voice, ensuring it maintains presence and richness during performances.
Affordability of Dynamic Microphones
One of the most appealing aspects of dynamic microphones is their affordability. They are typically less expensive than condenser microphones, making them accessible to beginners and professionals alike. Prices can range from around $50 for entry-level models to several hundred dollars for high-end versions. Brands like Shure, EV, and Telefunken offer a variety of options catering to different budgets without compromising sound quality.
Recommended dynamic microphones and their prices includes:
- Shure SM57– $85 (These days the SM57 is more thought of as the go to mic for electric guitar cabinets but it’s actually still considered a desert island best bang for your buck all around workhorse mic)
- Shure SM58– $99 (Considered as the industry standard, you can hammer nails with it then sing a song and it will still work)
- EV N/D767a– $99 (This is a legendary vocal mic from EV. They have noticeably more clarity and warmth in the low-end with lots of smoothness and presence in the top-end)
- Shure Beta57– $139 (A premium supercardioid dynamic mic with High Output Neodymium element for instrument applications)
- Shure Beta 58– $159 ( A rugged dynamic supercardioid microphone developed by Shure Incorporated specifically for live vocal performances)
- EV N/D967– $199 (A super cardioid dynamic microphone ideally suited for vocal use in live sound reinforcement, including large and small concert sound venues)
- Telefunken M80– $250 (Black Handheld Dynamic Vocal Microphone is an industry standard stage microphone used by countless major artists. the M80 delivers the character and sound you expect froma world class microphone)
Durability and Reliability
Dynamic microphones are known for their ruggedness, making them suitable for live performances and various environments. Their build can withstand physical impacts and harsh conditions, unlike their more sensitive condenser counterparts. The construction of these microphones typically involves robust materials, such as metal and high-quality plastics, which are designed to withstand the rigors of daily use in various environments, from recording studios to live performances. Also, preventative measures such as using a protective case, avoiding extreme temperatures, and storing the microphone in a dry environment can significantly enhance its longevityRegularly cleaning the microphone, especially the grill and connections, helps maintain sound quality and prolongs the lifespan of the equipment
This durability means that dynamic microphones often have a longer lifespan, meaning they are less likely to require frequent replacements. In addition to their inherent durability, dynamic microphones are less sensitive to moisture and temperature variations compared to their condenser counterparts. Unlike their contemporary condenser microphones, they do not require external power sources (phantom power) and can perform equally well in high-noise environments without distortion.
Conclusion
Dynamic microphones are an invaluable tool for anyone working with audio, thanks to their specific frequency responses and adaptability to various voice types. They provide a perfect blend of affordability and durability, making them a popular choice among musicians, speakers, and sound engineers alike. Whether you’re capturing the rich tones of a male singer or the bright clarity of a female vocalist, there’s likely a dynamic microphone that fits your needs perfectly.
When selecting a dynamic microphone, consider not only the frequency response relative to the specific voice type but also your budget and the environments in which you’ll be using it. With the right choice, you can elevate your audio experience significantly.
